IRIX Base Documentation 2001 May

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FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE flight, dog, shadow - simulate the flight of any of several aircraft SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS fffflllliiiigggghhhhtttt [ ----hhhh ] [ ----OOOO ] ddddoooogggg [ ----hhhh ] [ ----OOOO ] [ ----iiii infile ] [ ----oooo outfile ] [ ----bbbb ] [ ----IIII _i_f_a_d_d_r ] [ ----TTTT _t_t_l ] sssshhhhaaaaddddoooowwww [ ----iiii infile] DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN _F_l_i_g_h_t is an interactive flight simulator. One large viewport shows the world; several smaller ones simulate instruments. The world is shown from the cockpit of an aircraft or from a control tower. The mouse and keyboard control the aircraft and its environment. If the ----hhhh option is selected a "heads-up" display is used instead of the instrument panel. This kind of display is commonly used in the military. It allows for a larger view, which results in a slower update rate. The ----OOOO option causes the old 2D style instrument panel to be used. _D_o_g is a multi-player version of _f_l_i_g_h_t that allows players on two or more networked IRISes to battle each other in a ``dogfight.'' Several times a second, each workstation sends status/location packets to the other machines using UDP multicast packets, and receives the other planes' packets. All known planes in the current field of view are displayed on all systems. Pilots may cooperate by attempting formation aerobatics or compete by trying to shoot each other down. The coordi- nates of projectiles are included in the packets, hits are detected, and scoring is maintained. If either ----iiii nor ----oooo is selected, the status/location packets are read and/or written to files as described later under _A_i_r_s_h_o_w _O_p_t_i_o_n. Other- wise, the broadcast medium is the Ethernet. Older versions of _d_o_g on the IRIS 3000 series and IRIS-4D IRIX releases before 3.3 use broadcast pack- ets. To have a dogfight with those systems, start the program with the ----bbbb option. (Note: using _d_o_g in broadcast packet mode may be harmful to other computers on the same network. Try to use the default multicast mode if possible.) Players on several networks can fight each other if the network gateways are configured to route multicast packets. See the _I_R_I_X _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _A_d_m_i_n_i_s_t_r_a_t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e and _m_r_o_u_t_e_d(1M) for details on setting up gateways and multicast routing on IRIS-4D machines. The ----TTTT option specifies the maximum number of times the multicast packets can be for- warded between networks. For machines with multiple network interfaces, the ----IIII option specifies the outgoing interface by its Internet hostname or address. _S_h_a_d_o_w allows passive observation of the _d_o_g environment. The _s_h_a_d_o_w operator sees a full-screen view of the world from a selected aircraft or of a selected aircraft from the control tower. PPPPaaaaggggeeee 1111 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) SSSSttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg UUUUpppp _F_l_i_g_h_t provides two pages of help information. The first help page briefly describes the program. To freeze the action at any time and display the first page, type _h. Read the first page and press any key to continue. The second page offers descriptions of five or more aircraft: one two-place trainer (Cessna 150), one heavy transport (Boeing 747), and at least three fighters. Type _1 to select the Cessna 150. The view you see is from the cockpit of the Cessna. Type _d to see the Cessna from the control tower. Type _x a few times for a closer view. Type _d to return to the cockpit and strike _s three or four times to advance the throttle. The aircraft will start to taxi towards the runway. Type _F twice to raise the flaps - Cessnas normally take off that way. When the plane is almost on the runway, tap the right mouse button five or six times to apply right rudder. The plane will start to turn right. The left mouse button moves the rudder one increment to the left; the center one sets the rudder to zero. Move the mouse till the cursor is centered on the bottom edge of the windshield and tap _s until the thrust indicator shows full thrust. When the airspeed indicator passes 50 knots, move the mouse smoothly toward you. The cursor should be in the upper center of the horizon indicator. When the rate-of-climb indicator shows positive climb, you are flying! Congratulations! Now turn around and land. FFFFlllliiiigggghhhhtttt CCCCoooonnnnttttrrrroooollllssss _F_l_i_g_h_t is controlled by the mouse, the mouse buttons, and the keyboard. The mouse holds the primary flight controls. _R_i_g_h_t_m_o_u_s_e and _l_e_f_t_m_o_u_s_e move the rudder one increment to the right and left, respectively. _m_i_d_d_l_e_m_o_u_s_e centers it. The rudder position is shown by a small red triangle at the lower edge of the artificial hor- izon. The rudder is used primarily to maneuver the aircraft on the ground. Airborne turns are made, as in real aircraft, by coordinated ap- plication of aileron and elevator. The mouse X and Y valuators control the ailerons and elevator, emulating a control stick. Left-right motion controls roll; forward-back motion controls pitch. The stick position is indicated by a square cursor. Both controls are at their neutral position when the cursor is centered at the bottom of the windshield. Stick position for level flight is slightly below center. The _s key increases the throttle setting; the _a key decreases it. Thrust goes to zero when the plane climbs through 50,000 feet and the engine flames out. It can be restored by descending and applying throttle. Thrust also goes to zero when fuel goes to zero. Fuel can be restored only by making a safe landing. PPPPaaaaggggeeee 2222 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) Secondary flight controls include the landing gear, flaps, and spoilers. To raise or lower the landing gear, type _l. To increase or decrease the flaps, type _f or _F. To increase or decrease the spoilers, type _c or _C. Flap and spoiler ranges are determined by the aircraft. The Cessna has no spoilers and its gear is down and welded. The landing gear has two functions: to protect the fuselage from the ground and to add drag. You may lower the gear to slow the plane down and make handling easier. Flaps and gear are structurally unsound at high speeds. They fall off if you exceed approximately 400 knots while they are deployed. Missing flaps make good landings difficult. Missing gear makes a good landing impossible. Flaps increase lift, increase drag, and decrease stall speed. Takeoffs are normally made with partial flaps; landings are made with full flaps. Spoilers decrease lift and increase drag dramatically. They are most useful in dissipating excess altitude without increasing speed. While spoilers are deployed, it is difficult to recover from a stall. DDDDiiiissssppppllllaaaayyyy CCCCoooonnnnttttrrrroooollllssss Several controls allow the viewer to alter his view of the world. The _l_e_f_t-_a_r_r_o_w and _r_i_g_h_t-_a_r_r_o_w keys rotate the pilot's point of view 5 degrees to the left or right respectively. The viewing angle is displayed on the windshield. The _u_p-_a_r_r_o_w and _d_o_w_n-_a_r_r_o_w keys can be used to quickly set the view to front or rear respectively. The keys are useful for looking around, but remember to set the view back to the front for any but the simplest flying. The _d key switches the viewpoint from the cockpit to the control tower or back. The control tower always looks toward the plane. The _x key de- creases the tower's field of view, effectively magnifying the aircraft. The _z key increases the field of view. If there is doubt as to whether the view observed is from the cockpit or the tower, observe the center of the window: an orange cross marks the cockpit view. The _W key switches the viewpoint to that of an imaginary wingman. The _x key moves the view toward your aircraft. The _z key moves the view away from your aircraft. The _n key changes the time of day from daylight to night or back. There is an interesting city visible at night NNW of the airport. The _m key switches the viewpoint from the cockpit to just above and behind your missile or back. The view automatically switches to the cockpit after the missile explodes. If you don't have a missile in the air, this key has no effect. Missile view is not available on the GT/GTX/VGX version. PPPPaaaaggggeeee 3333 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) PPPPIIII////GGGG VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn IIIInnnnssssttttrrrruuuummmmeeeennnnttttssss This section describes the instruments on the panel from left to right. In the bar indicators, blue denotes a positive value and red a negative value. The _t_h_r_u_s_t indicator shows thrust as a percentage of full throttle. Re- verse thrust is possible only on the ground and is used for braking. The _a_i_r_s_p_e_e_d indicator is calibrated from 0 to 1000 knots. (100 knots is about 118 miles per hour.) Negative airspeeds can happen during such acrobatic maneuvers as hammerhead stalls. The numeric display at the bottom of the band displays the exact speed. The _c_l_i_m_b indicator shows rate of climb in feet per minute. Note that the fighters (in normal operation) and the civil planes (usually while crashing) can exceed the 10,000 fpm maximum rate displayed. The numeric display at the bottom of the band displays the exact climb rate. The _G-_m_e_t_e_r indicates vertical acceleration. Each aircraft has maximum stress limits. If they are exceeded, the attitude indicator shows the message ``G-LIMIT.'' The _a_r_t_i_f_i_c_i_a_l _h_o_r_i_z_o_n helps orient the plane when the real horizon is not visible. The triangular indicator at the bottom edge shows the rudder position. If the maximum angle of attack is exceeded, a ``WING- STALL'' message is displayed and a warning bell sounds. The more severe the wing stall, the less control you have over your plane. Very severe stalls may throw your plane into a violent spin. The _h_e_a_d_i_n_g meter displays a combination compass and radar screen. The compass rotates and indicates your heading. Your plane's location is al- ways at the center of the radar screen. The radar screen shows the posi- tions of the runway and planes that are within a few miles of your air- craft. The blue line indicates the position of the runway. In _d_o_g(6D), other planes are shown on the _h_e_a_d_i_n_g meter as red blobs if they are above you or green blobs if they are below you. The _f_u_e_l gauge shows remaining fuel as a percentage of a full tank. To reduce fuel consumption to zero (for tests only) type ~. Note that this forfeits all your missiles and is considered cheating. GGGGTTTT////GGGGTTTTXXXX////VVVVGGGGXXXX VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn IIIInnnnssssttttrrrruuuummmmeeeennnnttttssss The GT/GTX/VGX version of flight now support a three dimensional analog instrument panel. The _t_h_r_u_s_t indicator shows thrust and throttle as a percentage of full. Reverse thrust is indicated by the REV light and is possible only on the ground and is used for braking. The _a_i_r_s_p_e_e_d indicator is calibrated from 0 to 700 knots. (100 knots is about 118 miles per hour.) Negative airspeeds can happen during such acrobatic maneuvers as hammerhead stalls. Since wind is not simulated, PPPPaaaaggggeeee 4444 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) airspeed _= groundspeed. The _m_a_c_h meter is used to show speeds greater then 700 knots. The _c_l_i_m_b indicator shows rate of climb in feet per minute. It has a range of -6000 to 6000 fpm. The _G-_m_e_t_e_r indicates vertical acceleration. Each aircraft has maximum stress limits. If they are exceeded, the the _G-_L_I_M_I_T warning light will come on. The _W_I_N_G _S_T_A_L_L warning light comes on if the maximum angle of attack is exceeded The more severe the wing stall, the less control you have over your plane. Very severe stalls may throw your plane into a violent spin. The _a_r_t_i_f_i_c_i_a_l _h_o_r_i_z_o_n helps orient the plane when the real horizon is not visible. The _h_e_a_d_i_n_g meter displays a combination compass and radar screen. The compass rotates and indicates your heading. Your plane's location is al- ways at the center of the radar screen. The radar screen shows the posi- tions of the runway and planes that are within a few miles of your air- craft. The blue line indicates the position of the runway. In _d_o_g, other planes are shown on the _h_e_a_d_i_n_g meter as red blobs if they are above you or green blobs if they are below you. The _f_u_e_l gauge shows remaining fuel in pounds. When fuel is below 10 percent the fuel warning light will come on. To reduce fuel consumption to zero (for tests only) type ~. Note that this forfeits all your mis- siles and is considered cheating. The _l_a_n_d_i_n_g _g_e_a_r indicator show the current state of your landing gear. Green indicates that your gear is down and locked. Yellow and black stripes indicate that your gear are up and locked. Red is shown when your landing gear is retracting or extending. Red is also shown if your gear has been ripped off or otherwise damaged. The _s_t_o_r_e_s indicator shows your current load of sidewinders and rockets. The _f_l_a_p_s/_s_p_o_i_l_e_r_s meter shows the percentage of flaps and spoilers currently deployed. LLLLaaaannnnddddiiiinnnnggggssss aaaannnndddd CCCCrrrraaaasssshhhheeeessss A good landing is a landing on the runway, with gear down, a descent rate of less than 600 fpm, and wings level. Good landings are rewarded with scores from 0 to 100 points. Points are subtracted from a perfect score of 100 based on touchdown location, descent rate, roll, heading, and drift. For every point scored, fuel on board is increased by 1% of total capacity until your tank is full. For every ten points scored you re- ceive a missile up to the plane's limit. PPPPaaaaggggeeee 5555 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) Landings with the gear up, descent rate, roll, or drift too high, but not disastrous, count as crash landings. You can keep flying, but get no more fuel nor ordnance. Landings off the runway are ``crashed into the swamps'' landings. Land- ings with excessive descent rate, roll, or drift are ``EXPLODED ON IM- PACT'' landings. In either case, all you can do is look at the wreckage from the tower or restart the game. RRRReeeessssttttaaaarrrrttttssss Your plane is destroyed if it crashes, taxis too far off the runway, raises the gear while on the ground, or is shot down. After your plane is destroyed, _r, _R, _u, or _U reincarnates your plane and restarts the game at the second help page. You then choose which type of plane you want to fly. These different restart options are included to make it easier to restart in intense _d_o_g combat. Without them, some pilots simply hang around the runway and blast new planes as they appear. The _r key restarts you at the original starting location. The _R key res- tarts you at the south end of the runway. The _u key reincarnates your aircraft at a random location in the sky with some randomly low airspeed and full throttle. The _U key is similar but starts your plane at a fixed location beyond the hills. WWWWeeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt _F_l_i_g_h_t models aircraft weight accurately. Ordnance and fuel have sub- stantial weight. As you fire weapons and burn fuel, your plane becomes lighter and more maneuverable. WWWWeeeeaaaappppoooonnnnssss Fighters are armed with rockets, sidewinders, and cannon. The number of rockets and sidewinders available on each type of fighter are indicated on the help display. Landings replenish missiles as well as fuel. The number of missiles replenished depends on the quality of the landing. Ammunition for the cannon is inexhaustible. Each weapon has a different kill radius. Weapons detonate themselves when they are within their kill radius of a plane other than the one they came from. All planes within the kill radius of an exploding weapon are des- troyed. The _q key fires a rocket. Rockets have about ten seconds of fuel and follow ballistic paths after the fuel is exhausted. They explode when they strike the ground, come within range of an aircraft (except the one they came from), or are destroyed by their owner. Rockets have the larg- est kill radius of all the weapons. The _w key fires a sidewinder. Sidewinders are like rockets but track, or steer themselves towards, other aircraft if they are ``locked on''. Sidewinders are locked on if they are fired while a target aircraft is in the orange tracking rectangle or if locked on with the _t key. The _t key identifies the target and locks a sidewinder onto the target for one PPPPaaaaggggeeee 6666 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) second without firing the weapon. This is useful for identifying other planes as friend or foe. Sidewinders will not lock on aircraft lower than 150 feet, but once they are locked on, they will track a plane below 150 feet. Sidewinders stop tracking and follow ballistic paths when they run out of fuel. The Cessna 150 does not generate enough heat to attract sidewinders. A good pilot can usually outmaneuver a sidewinder unless his plane is traveling slowly with a heavy load. Sidewinders have a smaller kill radius than rockets. The _e key fires a cannon round. The cannon has a limited range-each can- non shell exists for only one second. Cannons have the smallest kill ra- dius. The _r key destroys the current missile. Any aircraft in range of the ex- plosion is destroyed. Each aircraft can have only one projectile in the air at a time. Missiles may take a long time to fall back to the ground after they have run out of fuel. It is therefore wise to destroy mis- siles that are out of fuel, allowing new ones to be fired. In _f_l_i_g_h_t, or in _d_o_g with no competition, strafing the airport can be good practice for the real thing. The _O key toggles target box mode on and off. In target box mode, each enemy plane and missile is surrounded by a small yellow square. Target boxes are only visible in the forward view from the cockpit. Target box mode defaults off because it is considered cheating. This mode is not available on the GT/GTX/VGX version SSSSccccoooorrrriiiinnnngggg _d_o_g keeps track of victories and defeats. A pilot scores a ``won'' when a projectile fired by his plane destroys another aircraft. A pilot scores a ``lost'' when his aircraft is destroyed by a projectile or crashes. Each pilot's score is displayed on his instrument panel. The scores of all the current players are shown to each new player when he joins the game and when he reincarnates himself after destruction. When a player joins the game, an announcement is broadcast to all players. Messages are also broadcast whenever a player quits, destroys another plane, or is destroyed. AAAAiiiirrrrsssshhhhoooowwww OOOOppppttttiiiioooonnnn The ----oooo option will record the path of your aircraft on _o_u_t_f_i_l_e rather than broadcasting it to the network. The ----iiii option replays a recorded flight. You will be in another air- craft, able to join the other recorded planes in formation or shoot at, but not really destroy them (your missile will explode, but the other plane will continue flying). PPPPaaaaggggeeee 7777 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) Specifying both the ----iiii and ----oooo options replays a recorded flight and pro- duces an _o_u_t_f_i_l_e containing your aircraft's path as well as the other planes' paths. _i_n_f_i_l_e and _o_u_t_f_i_l_e cannot be the same file. Repeated use of the command can make formations of many aircraft. TTTTiiiimmmmeeee In the GT/GTX/VGX version the time of day is set according to when flight is started up. As the real time changes so does the position of the sun. The _n key adds five minutes to the time of day. The _N key subtracts five minutes from the time of day. SSSSoooouuuunnnndddd _F_l_i_g_h_t plays sound effects on machines capable of Indigo quality sound. Currently, this includes the Indigo and the 4D/3x with the audio option. The _S key switches between three sound modes. By default, all sound ef- fects are played. Pressing _S once causes all sound effects except thrust to play. Pressing a second time turns off all sound effects. Pressing _S a third time turns on all the sounds again. By setting the environment variable _F_L_I_G_H_T_S_O_U_N_D to a path with sound ef- fect files, a user can override the default sounds. The following list gives the filename and description of each sound effect. Each file should be an AIFF file with the sample data in a SSND chunk. The data should be two channel, 16 bit wide, 16 kHz sound samples. No warnings are given for missing or corrupt files. cannon.aiff cannon fire die.aiff your plane exploding explosion.aiff any other explosions jthrust.aiff jet engine maximum thrust lock.aiff locked on missle.aiff missile being fired AAAAUUUUTTTTHHHHOOOORRRRSSSS aaaannnndddd CCCCRRRREEEEDDDDIIIITTTTSSSS Original version by Gary Tarolli. Current version by Rob Mace. Contributors Barry Brouillette and Marshal Levine Network communications Dave "ciemo" Ciemiewicz and Andrew Cherenson. New instrument panel by Marshal Levine and Rob Mace. F16 and P38 geometry by Barry Brouillette. F14 geometry by Rob Mace. F18 geometry by Thad Beier and Rob Mace 727 geometry by Marc Ondrechen and Rob Mace Software Systems' Multigen was used to create instrument panel plates and to enhance several aircraft models. Sound effects by Chris Perry and Chris Schoeneman FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS /usr/demos/General_Demos/flight/data/sounds sound files PPPPaaaaggggeeee 8888 FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) FFFFLLLLIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT((((6666DDDD)))) BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS _F_l_i_g_h_t and its offspring are continually being improved. Improvements may be documented in the program's help display before this document is updated. The Cessna is too difficult to bring out of a stall. In the GT/GTX/VGX version, the F15 looks like a F14 with the wings swept back. The G/PI version only supports the old instrument panel currently. F14 and 727 are available only in the GT/GTX/VGX version. Collision detection is not done with the buildings. This was done on purpose because it is fun to fly through them. The cannon ammunition should be finite and the cannon should overheat and jam if used too often. There is no propeller engine thrust sound. Many other sounds should be added and existing sounds improved. PPPPaaaaggggeeee 9999